II* s : @ : W r ( 1 2 ; = , 0! I ZG ) i .s s 0 p Astronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away.
The massive, growing black holes, discovered by NASA's Spitzer and Chandra space telescopes, represent a large fraction of a long-sought missing population. Their discovery implies there were hundreds of millions of additional black holes growing in our young universe, more than doubling the total amount known at that distance.
"Active, supermassive black holes were everywhere in the early universe," said Mark Dickinson of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Ariz. "We had seen the tip of the iceberg before in our search for these objects. Now, we can see the iceberg itself." Dickinson is a co-author of two new papers appearing in the Nov. 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal. Emanuele Daddi of the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique in France led the research.
The findings are also the first direct evidence that most, if not all, massive galaxies in the distant universe spent their youths building monstrous black holes at their cores.
For decades, a large population of active black holes has been considered missing. These highly energetic structures belong to a class of black holes called quasars. A quasar consists of a doughnut-shaped cloud of gas and dust that surrounds and feeds a budding supermassive black hole. As the gas and dust are devoured by the black hole, they heat up and shoot out X-rays. Those X-rays can be detected as a general glow in space, but often the quasars themselves can't be seen directly because dust and gas blocks them from our view.
"We knew from other studies from about 30 years ago that there must be more quasars in the universe, but we didn't know where to find them until now," said Daddi.
Xs ` tD \8 h P 8l R 6? x?
# T l A
'
' Adobe Photoshop CS3 Macintosh 2008:11:24 13:42:48 Spitzer Space Telescope
Pasadena
USA
1200 E. California Blvd.
91125
CA
http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu
Spitzer Space Telescope
Astronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away.
The massive, growing black holes, discovered by NASA's Spitzer and Chandra space telescopes, represent a large fraction of a long-sought missing population. Their discovery implies there were hundreds of millions of additional black holes growing in our young universe, more than doubling the total amount known at that distance.
"Active, supermassive black holes were everywhere in the early universe," said Mark Dickinson of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Ariz. "We had seen the tip of the iceberg before in our search for these objects. Now, we can see the iceberg itself." Dickinson is a co-author of two new papers appearing in the Nov. 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal. Emanuele Daddi of the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique in France led the research.
The findings are also the first direct evidence that most, if not all, massive galaxies in the distant universe spent their youths building monstrous black holes at their cores.
For decades, a large population of active black holes has been considered missing. These highly energetic structures belong to a class of black holes called quasars. A quasar consists of a doughnut-shaped cloud of gas and dust that surrounds and feeds a budding supermassive black hole. As the gas and dust are devoured by the black hole, they heat up and shoot out X-rays. Those X-rays can be detected as a general glow in space, but often the quasars themselves can't be seen directly because dust and gas blocks them from our view.
"We knew from other studies from about 30 years ago that there must be more quasars in the universe, but we didn't know where to find them until now," said Daddi.
GOODS South Field
Missing Black Hole Report: Hundreds Found!
NASA/JPL-Caltech/E. Daddi (CEA France)
2008-10-25
Astronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away. Some of the objects are seen here in this section of the GOODS survey.
Spitzer Space Telescope
*Missing Black Hole Report: Hundreds Found! GOODS South Field7 20081025P Spitzer Space Telescopei Astronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away. Some of the objects are seen here in this section of the GOODS survey.n NASA/JPL-Caltech/E. Daddi (CEA Fs Spitzer Space TelescopexAstronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away.
The massive, growing black holes, discovered by NASA's Spitzer and Chandra space telescopes, represent a large fraction of a long-sought missing population. Their discovery implies there were hundreds of millions of additional black holes growing in our young universe, more than doubling the total amount known at that distance.
"Active, supermassive black holes were everywhere in the early universe," said Mark Dickinson of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Ariz. "We had seen the tip of the iceberg before in our search for these objects. Now, we can see the iceberg itself." Dickinson is a co-author of two new papers appearing in the Nov. 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal. Emanuele Daddi of the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique in France led the research.
The findings are also the first direct evidence that most, if not all, massive galaxies in the distant universe spent their youths building monstrous black holes at their cores.
For decades, a large population of active black holes has been considered missing. These highly energetic structures belong to a class of black holes called quasars. A quasar consists of a doughnut-shaped cloud of gas and dust that surrounds and feeds a budding supermassive black hole. As the gas and dust are devoured by the black hole, they heat up and shoot out X-rays. Those X-rays can be detected as a general glow in space, but often the quasars themselves can't be seen directly because dust and gas blocks them from our view.
"We knew from other studies from about 30 years ago that there must be more quasars in the universe, but we didn't know where to find them until now," said Daddi.
8BIM xAstronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away.
The massive, growing black holes, discovered by NASA's Spitzer and Chandra space telescopes, represent a large fraction of a long-sought missing population. Their discovery implies there were hundreds of millions of additional black holes growing in our young universe, more than doubling the total amount known at that distance.
"Active, supermassive black holes were everywhere in the early universe," said Mark Dickinson of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Ariz. "We had seen the tip of the iceberg before in our search for these objects. Now, we can see the iceberg itself." Dickinson is a co-author of two new papers appearing in the Nov. 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal. Emanuele Daddi of the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique in France led the research.
The findings are also the first direct evidence that most, if not all, massive galaxies in the distant universe spent their youths building monstrous black holes at their cores.
For decades, a large population of active black holes has been considered missing. These highly energetic structures belong to a class of black holes called quasars. A quasar consists of a doughnut-shaped cloud of gas and dust that surrounds and feeds a budding supermassive black hole. As the gas and dust are devoured by the black hole, they heat up and shoot out X-rays. Those X-rays can be detected as a general glow in space, but often the quasars themselves can't be seen directly because dust and gas blocks them from our view.
"We knew from other studies from about 30 years ago that there must be more quasars in the universe, but we didn't know where to find them until now," said Daddi.
i Astronomers have unmasked hundreds of black holes hiding deep inside dusty galaxies billions of light-years away. Some of the objects are seen here in this section of the GOODS survey.P Spitzer Space Telescopen NASA/JPL-Caltech/E. Daddi (CEA Fs Spitzer Space Telescope *Missing Black Hole Report: Hundreds Found!7 20081025 GOODS South Field
Black Hole Cosmology8BIM% M\|}2gw}M8BIM
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMHorizontalRes
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMHorizontalRes
72
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMOrientation
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMOrientation
1
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMScaling
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMScaling
1
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalRes
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalRes
72
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalScaling
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMVerticalScaling
1
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.subTicket.paper_info_ticket
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPageRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPageRect
0.0
0.0
734
576
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2008-11-24T21:42:29Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPaperRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMAdjustedPaperRect
-18
-18
774
594
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2008-11-24T21:42:29Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMPaperName
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.print.pm.PostScript
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMPaperName
na-letter
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.print.pm.PostScript
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2003-07-01T17:49:36Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPageRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.print.pm.PostScript
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPageRect
0.0
0.0
734
576
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPaperRect
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.print.pm.PostScript
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.PMUnadjustedPaperRect
-18
-18
774
594
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.printingmanager
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2007-10-18T22:38:57Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
0
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.ppd.PMPaperName
com.apple.print.ticket.creator
com.apple.print.pm.PostScript
com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray
com.apple.print.PaperInfo.ppd.PMPaperName
US Letter
com.apple.print.ticket.client
com.apple.print.pm.PostScript
com.apple.print.ticket.modDate
2003-07-01T17:49:36Z
com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag
1
com.apple.print.ticket.APIVersion
00.20
com.apple.print.ticket.privateLock
com.apple.print.ticket.type
com.apple.print.PaperInfoTicket
com.apple.print.ticket.APIVersion
00.20
com.apple.print.ticket.privateLock
com.apple.print.ticket.type
com.apple.print.PageFormatTicket
8BIM H H 8BIM&